[3 
356 
opy 1 



A NEW METHOD 



WITH 



GEOGRAPHY 



ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF THE 



SKETCH-MAP, 



J. H. DIEBEL, PH. B , 
hi 

" AUTHOR OF 

ARITHMETIC BY ANALYSIS, AND NEW METHOD 
WITH U. S. HISTORY. 

WEST UNITY, - OHIO. _ 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 



AWT f 



Gr-1 



COPYRIGHT 

1894, 

By J. H. DIEBEL. 



h_ 



* PREFACE. 



THERE has, in recent years, been much discussion on the 
^ subject of map-drawing as an aid in the study of Geog- 
raphy; and, while many good teachers strongly advocate it, 
some equally good teachers as strongly oppose it. The 
opposition is founded mainly on the fact that it takes up 
too much valuable time. And, who will say that this ob- 
jection is not well taken? Pupils have been encouraged to 
spend weeks in the mechanical construction of maps into 
whose real meaning and relative proportions they took but 
little trouble to inquire, but rather spent their time in trac- 
ing outlines and coloring surfaces according to some model 
(usually the map in the book) which lay before them. 
This mechanical accuracy of copying is, in itself, not a bad 
thing, but it does not develop the faculty of location nor 
teach the pupil anything about Geography. To draw maps 
according to some cartographic diagram, or design, is to de- 
feat the object intended to be gained, and hence, many of 
our best teachers have warred against map-drawing. 

The Sketching of maps from memory at once sets aside 
these objections and retains all that is favorable. This 
exercise when rightly conducted is a most valuable aid, and 
the following lessons have been arranged to assist teachers 
and pupils in its execution. The pupils should take their 
places at the black-board, and at the direction of the teacher 
draw the boundary lines, — drawing the same lines at the 
same time. In this way the outline may be discussed and 
criticised at different points and its accuracy determined 
from their memory of positions and relative proportions. 
Mountains, rivers and lakes should then be sketched, and 
discussed as to their location, trend, and extent. The capi- 
tals and other important cities should then be located. 
After a time the pupils will be able to work more independ- 



PREFACE. 



ently. In the lessons that follow the sketches have been 
placed at the head mainly for comparison while the pupil 
studies his lesson from the outline that appears on the op- 
posite page, but the drawing should not be made by the 
class until the lesson has been studied. Under each map a 
number of questions have been placed to furnish a drill in 
the construction of the sketch. Many others will suggest 
themselves. 

The Topical Outlines will be found useful to those 
who employ the topical method of recitations, — and we be- 
lieve there is no better method, — yet it needs to be supple- 
mented, for no "method" can be really conclusive in itself. 
Details must be brought out by discussion, and items of 
special interest must be suggested by such questions as 
may be found in the supplements which follow these 
lessons. 

This little work is not intended to furnish an outline of 
the whole subject, but simply a few models from which an 
outline may readily be made. The model for Ohio with a 
few slight changes will answer for any State; that of New 
England for any physical division; that of the United 
States for any country; and so forth. The writer has much 
confidence in the practical utility of this method of teach- 
ing Geography, and hopes that his fellow teachers may find 
time to examine it, and that some, at least, may derive 
assistance and benefit therefrom. 

J. H. D. 



West Unity, O., January, 1894. 






CONTENTS. 




N 

Topical Outline 


LESSON I. 


6 


Ohio, 


LESSON II. 


8 


New England, . 


LESSON III. 


. 14 


" United States, 


LESSON IV. 


18 


North America, 


LESSON V. 
LESSON VI. 


. 24 


North American 


Islands, .... 


28 


Atlantic Ocean, 


LESSON VII. 


. 29 


vSouth America, 


LESSON VIII. 


30 


Europe, 


LESSON IX. 


. 34 


Asia, 


LESSON X. 


40 


Africa, 


LESSON XL 


• 44 


Australia, 


LESSON XII. 


48 


The World, 


LESSON XIII. 


. 52 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



IvE^SSOJV I. 



TOPICAL OUTLINE DEVELOPING DEFINITIONS 
AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 



I. Mathematical Geography, 
i. Form of the Earth. 

2. Size of the Earth. 

C 1. Area ; 2. Circumference ; 

< 3. Diameter ; 
( 1. Polar; 2. Equatorial. 

3. Position in the Solar System. 

C 1. Distance from the Sun ; 

< 2. Inclination of the Axis ; 
(_ 3. Plane of the Ecliptic. 

4. Circles and Measurements, 

1. Great Circles ; 
1. Equator; 

2. Small Circles ; 
1. Parallels; 

Zones ; 

1. Torrid; 2. Temperate; 3. Frigid. 

Latitude and Longitude. 

Motions of the Earth. 

1. Diurnal; 2. Annual; 
Parallelism of Axis ; 
Points of the Orbit ; 
1. Equinoxes; 2. 
3. Perihelion; 4. 
Change of Seasons. 

Physical Geography. 
1. Divisions of Land. 



3. 
4. 



3. 
4. 



0. 



2. Meridians. 

2. Tropics; 3. Polars. 



Solstices; 
Aphelion. 



II. 



1. Continent ; 

2. Island ; 

1. Continental; 

3. Special Forms ; 

1. Peninsula ; 2. 



2. Oceanic. 
Isthmus; 3. Cape. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



Surface. 

. Highlands ; 

1. Mountain ; 
1. System; 2. Range; 3. Peak. 

2. Volcano ; 
1. Active; 2. Extinct. 

3. Plateau; 4. Desert; 5. Watershed. 
Lowlands ; 

1. Plain; 2. Basin; 3. Valley. 

Divisions of Water. 

1. Oceans; 
1. Sea; 2. Gulf; 3. Bay; 

4. Channel; 5. Sound; 6. Strait. 

2. Inland Waters ; 

1. River ; 
1. System; 2. Estuary; 3. Delta. 

2. Lake ; 
1. Fresh; 2. Salt. 

3. Marsh; 4. Tundra. 



Isothermal Lines ; 
Periodic; 3. Storm. 
2. Insular. 



Atmosphere. 

1. Temperature ; i 
3. Wind ; 

1. Constant; 2 
J 4. Climate ; 
I 1. Continental; 

III. Political Geography, 
i. Political Division. 

2. Government. 

3. Inhabitants. 

f 1. Manner of Living ; 

1. Civilized; 2. Barbarous. 

2. Occupations; 
1. Agriculture; 2. Mining; 
3. Manufacturing; 4. Commerce. 

3. Religions ; 
1. Theism; 2. Paganism. 

4. Languages ; 
1. Original; 2. Dialect. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



OHIO. 




MAP-DRILL ON CONSTRUCTION. 

1. Where must a line be drawn which measures the greatest north-and- 
south distance in the state? 2. How long is this line? (Measure with scale in 
map.) 3. Measure the greatest east-and-west distance. 4. Is this line of the 
same length as its parallel which passes through Sandusky ? Why? 5. Where 
is the water-shed in this State? 6. II a straight line were drawn to indicate it, 
where would it intersect the western boundary? 7. Name the cities whose 
location is marked in the map. 8. How far is each of the three largest cities 
from the capital ? 

Notes. — 1. These lessons are merely intended as models. The class should 
always begin with its native State, and sketch as many of the other States as 
the time alloted to the study of Geography may permit. 

2. The teacher and pupils are requested to read carefully the preface in 
order that the plan and intent of these lesions may be more lully understood. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 9 




TOPICAL OUTLINE. 


I. 


Position. 

(1. Boundary; 

{ 2. Latitude and Longitude. 


2. 


Area. 

f 1. Absolute; (In square miles.) 

\ 2. Relative. ( Compared with other States.) 


3- 


Surf* 

< 


ice. 

f 1. Northern Plain ; 

2. Central Table-land ; 16 * 

3. Marsh Regions ; 9 

4. Hills and Valleys ; 
15. Soil. 


4. 


Coast Line. 

1. Extent ; 2. Indentations ; 3. Harbors. 


5. 


Rive 


rs and Lakes. 

' 1. Rivers flowing into the Ohio ; 

2. Rivers flowing into Lake Erie ; 

3. Lake Erie ; 

^4. Artificial Lakes. 12 


6. 


Climate. 

1. Temperature; 2. Moisture; 3. Winds. 


7. 


Productions. 

J 1. Vegetables; 2. Minerals; 
( 3. Animals ; 4. Manufactures. 


8. 


Occupations. 

(1. Agriculture; 2. Mining; 

( 3. Manufacturing ; 4. Commerce. 


9- 


Important Cities. 

| 1. Capital ; 2. Metropolis ; u 
( 3. Other cities. 


10. 


History. 

1. Settlement; 6 2. Admission." 


11. 


Natural Curiosities. 10 


* These figures refer to supplementary questions. 



10 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is the motto of Ohio? What is the State 
popularly called? 

2. Who is believed to be the first white man that vis- 
ited this region? 

3. Name the cities that have been the capital? 

4. What was the "Ohio Company? " 

5. What noted Indian tribes formerly lived here? 

6. Describe the first permanent settlement. 

7. When and where was the first railroad built? 

8. Describe the " Western Reserve." 

9. What part of the State was originally marshy? 

10. Name some of the natural curiosities found in the 
State? 

11. Where is the oil region? 

12. What artificial lakes are found in the State ? 

13. Where are Kelley's and Bass islands, and for what 
are they noted? 

14. What popular name is sometimes applied to 
Cincinnati? 

15. For what is Euclid avenue, in Cleveland, famous? 

16. What and where are the barrens ? 

17. Where is the Grand river, and for what is it noted ? 

18. What river in this State is said to be the most 
prolific fishing stream in the world? 

19. Name some of the original wild animals. 

20. When was Ohio admitted into the Union? 

21. Of how many members does the Legislature 
consist? 

22. Who was the first Governor? 

23. What and where is the National Road? 

24. What is the supposed origin of the " terraces" in 
the northern part ? 

25. What was known as the Ohio and Michigan war? 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 11 



ANSWERS. 

1. "Imperium in Imperio," is the motto of Ohio, and 
means, an empire in an empire. It is popularly called the 
Buckeye State. 

2. It is thought L,a Salle explored this region about the 
year 1680. He was probably the first white visitor. 

3. Chillicothe, Zanesville, Chillicothe, and Columbus 
have been the capitals of the State in the order in which 
they are named. 

4. In 1786, Rufus Putnam organized a company of revo- 
lutionary soldiers for the purpose of making a settlement 
on the Ohio river. This company purchased a tract of 
2,300 square miles in the southern part of the State. 

5. The Eries, along the shore of the lake; the Hurons, 
in the northwestern part; and the Delawares, in the Mus- 
kingum valley. About the year 1650, the Eries were con- 
quered and expelled by the Iroquois. 

6. The first permanent settlement was made at the 
mouth of the Muskingum river in 1788. It w r as called 
Marietta in honor of Marie Antoinette, queen of Louis 
XVI, of France. 

7. The first railroad was built in 1835. It passed 
through the valley of the Mad river, and was called the 
Mad River Road. 

8. When Connecticut ceded her western domains to the 
United States, she reserved a tract of 3,666,921 acres in 
northeastern Ohio. This became known as the Western 
Reserve. It was ceded to the United States in 1801. 

9. There was a large marsh, called the Black Swamp, 
in the northwestern part, which included the larger part of 
Wood county. This has been drained and is in a high 
state of cultivation. 

10. The ancient mounds in the southern part, the pure 
water fountains in the northwestern, and the mineral springs 
in Greene, Seneca, and Delaware counties, are the most 
noted of natural curiosities. 

11. Wood county and vicinity is one of the richest oil 
fields in the world. The oil is found at a depth of about 
1,200 feet. 



12 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



12. In Mercer, Auglaize and Shelby counties, there is 
a number of large reservoirs, which are used as feeders of 
canals. St. Mary's, one of these, is the largest artificial 
lake in the world. 

13. They are situated in the lake, opposite Sandusky. 
They are noted for the quantity and quality of their grape 
product. 

14. "Queen City of the West." 

15. Bayard Taylor, the famous traveler, pronounced 
Euclid avenue the most beautiful street in the world. 

16. In the central part of the State are large tracts of 
prairie. Those which are considerably elevated were form- 
erly thought to be unfit for cultivation and were called 
barrens. Some of these "barrens" have been found to be 
among the richest farming land in Ohio. 

17. It is in the northeastern part : flows into the lake, 
and is noted for its picturesque scenerv. 

18. The Maumee. 

19. The bear, deer, fox, wild cat, opossum, raccoon, rab- 
bit, squirrel, mink, and beaver. Most of these are still met 
with. 

20. There has been much dispute as to whether it was 
admitted in 1802, or in 1803. In the year 1802. Congress 
approved the laws enacted by the Governor and judges of 
the territory, and a convention which assembled at Chilli- 
cothe, framed a State constitution. But recent investiga- 
tions seem to prove, beyond a doubt, that the State was not 
formally admitted until February. 1803. 

21. The legislature consists of abor 
about 100 representatives. They are elected for a term of 
two years. According to the method of apportioning the 
representatives and senators the number varies. 

22. Edward Tiffin was the first Governor of Ohio as a 
State; Arthur St. Clair was the first Governor of Ohio as a 
territory. Cincinnati was the territorial capital. 

23. The national road was built by the government 
as a stage-coach road. This turnpike began at Cumber- 
land, Md.; crossed the Ohio at Wheeling, and was intended 
to be run indefinitely westward as the country became set- 
tled. After passing the Ohio, it continues its westward 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 13 



course, and crosses the Indiana boundary near New Paris. 
It was well built; flue stone bridges span the streams; but, 
the introduction of the locomotive proved its ruin. It is 
now a mere relic. 

24. In the northern half of the State there are a num- 
ber of ridges (terraces) which run parallel to the lake shore. 
It is quite certain that the lake at one time extended to 
these banks; and, as it receded, left these landmarks of its 
former self. It. is probable that these shiftings of the lake's 
shore were due to some changes in the geological formation, 
and were, therefore, quite sudden. 

25. When the northern boundary of Ohio was fixed by 
congress, it was defined to be a line running due east from 
the southern extremity of I^ake Michigan. But it was 
afterward found that I^ake Michigan extended farther south 
than was supposed, and Michigan claimed a strip eight 
miles wide, including Toledo, as belonging to her. The 
matter occasioned much local excitement. Congress de- 
cided in favor of Ohio, and ceded to Michigan the northern 
peninsula in lieu o: the disputed territory. 




14 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



NEW ENGLAND STATES. 




MAP-DRILL. 

1. Does the straight Hue which separates New Hampshire and Maine run 
exactly north and south? 2. How long is the Connecticut riv< r? (Measure with 
scale.) 3. Locate the capital, and largest cities in each State. 4. Measure the 
distances from Boston to the other capitals. (Always make an estimate of the 
distance before taking a measurement. This affords an excellent training to the 
eye. and wonderfully developes the faculty of location.) 5. Indicate the position 
of lines which measure the greatest north-and-south distances in the .several 
States. 6. Measure, with the scale, the lengths of these lines. 7. Find the 
greatest east-and-west distances. 8. Name the rivers, lakes, and mountains in- 
dicated upon the map. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 15 




TOPICAL OUTLINE. 


I. 


Position. 




1 1. Boundaries ; 

\ 2. Latitude and Longitude. 




2. 


Area. 




f 1. Absolute ; 




( 2. Relative size of States. 


3- 


Surface. 




{ 1. Low-Land Plains ; 




| 2. High-Land Plains ; 




^ 3. Mountains ; 




1. Ranges; 2. Peaks; 3. Valleys. 




14. Soil. 


4. 


Coast Line. 




\ 1. Extent ; 2. Indentations ; 3. Harbors ; 




X 5. Projections ; 6. Islands. 


5. 


Rivers and Lakes. 






' 1. Rivers flowing into the Atlantic ; 






2. Rivers flowing into Lake Champlain ; 




< 


3. Interior Lakes ; 

4. Border Lakes. 


6. 


Climate. 




1. Temperature ; 2. Moisture ; 3. Winds. 


7. 


Productions. 




f 1. Vegetables ; 2. Minerals. 




( 3. Animals ; 4. Manufactures. 3 ' 8 


8. 


Occupations. 




1 1. Agriculture ; 2. Manufacturing ; 3 * 8 




( 3. Mining ; 4. Commerce. 


9- 


States. 




CI. Positions; 2. Boundaries; 3. Resources. 




■< 4. Important Cities. 




( 1. Capitals ; 2. Other Cities. 


10. 


History. 




f 1. Settlements ; 2. Indian Wars ; 




\ 3. Other Notable Events. 10 


12. 


Natural Curiosities." 7 9 



16 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Which of these States is sometimes called the "Switz- 
erland of America? " 

2. What and where is the Hoosac tunnel? 

3. For what are Waterbury and Birmingham noted? 

4. Why was Cape Cod so named? 

5. What natural curiosity is found near New Marl- 
borough ? 

6. What is the origin of the word Yankee ? 

7. Describe Ice Hill. 

8. For what manufactures is Connecticut noted ? 

9. What and where are The Notch, Old Man of the 
Mountain, and The Flume? 

10. Give an account of the traditional discoveries by 
the Northmen. 

11. What famous monument in Charlestown? 

12. What and where is Dighton Rock? 

13. What and where is Hell Gate ? 

14. What popular name is given to each of the New 
England States? 

15. What is the legend concerning the Islands south of 
Massachusetts ? 

ANSWERS. 

1. New Hampshire is so called on account of its beauti- 
ful mountain scenery — resembling that of the Alps in 
Switzerland. 

2. This is a railway tunnel which penetrates one of the 
Hoosac ranges in Northwestern Massachusetts. It is nearly 
five miles long, large enough for two railroad lines, and is 
the longest tunnel within the United States. 

3. Nearly all the pins used in the United States are 
made in these cities. 

4. It was so called on account of the immense shoals of 
cod fish found in this vicinity. 

5. Here is a large boulder weighing about 40 tons, which 
is so nicely balanced upon a rock foundation that it may be 
movedwith the hand. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 17 



6. This word is an imitation of the way the New En- 
gland Indians pronounced the word " English." It is still 
used to designate the people of this region. 

7. Ice Hill is a deep and narrow gorge in which the ice 
remains during the whole year. The scenery is extremely 
wild. 

8. Connecticut manufactures the greater portion of the 
clocks and watches used in the United States, and fully one- 
half the hardware and rubber goods. 

9. The Notch is a deep gorge, or pass, in one of the 
ranges of the White Mountains. The Saco passes through 
it. Old Man of the Mountain is a cliff 1,000 feet high, 
overlooking a deep gorge. A side view presents a gigantic 
outline of the human face. The Flume is a narrow open- 
ing in a rock, 100 feet deep and only a few feet w r ide. A 
tributary of the Pemigewasset flows through it, making a 
roaring sound. It is frequently called roaring cavern. 

10. The New England coast is supposed to have been 
visited by sea men from Norway and Sweden, in 986. It is 
thought that one of these, Herjulfson, explored the coast, 
and another, Lief, passed a winter upon the main land in 
the vicinity of Boston. Lief named the country Good 
Vineland. His description of the natives, whom he, in con- 
tempt, called "Skraelings," tallies very closely with the 
characteristics of the Esquimos. This has brought on the 
query, "Did the Esquimos once inhabit New England?" 

11. The Bunker Hill monument, erected in commemora- 
tion of the battle of that name. It is built of Granite, is 
221 feet high, and stands on the spot where Warren fell. 

12. This celebrated rock is found on the Taunton river, 
at Berkeley. There is an inscription upon it which has 
caused much speculation among learned men. Some think 
that it was done by the northmen, and tells of Karlsefne's 
arrival ; others, that it is of still greater antiquity. 

13. This is a whirlpool in the western end of Long 
Island sound. Sometimes it is so violent as to endanger 
navigation. 

14 and 15, see lesson XIII. 



18 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



WESSON IV. 



THE UNITED STATES. 




MAP DRILL. 

1. How far is it from New York to ' Sari Francisco? 2. Where 
must a north-and-south line be drawn to divide the United States 
into two equal parts? 3. Where is the most northern point? (An- 
swer : In the region of the Lake of the Woods — here the boundary 
line passes north about 30 miles.) 4. Which extends farthest south, 
Texas or Florida ? 5. What two points are farthest distant from each 
other ? 6. Draw two straight lines that indicate the great water- 
sheds in the United States. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 19 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 
Position. 

f 1. Boundaries ; 
( 2. Latitude and Longitude. 
Area. 

( 1. Absolute ; 

( 2. Relative. (Compared with other N. A. countries.) 

Surface. 

f 1. Atlantic Plains ; 2. Mississippi Valley ; 
-< 3. Great Plains ; 4. Rocky Mountain Plateau ; 
( 5. Mountains ; 

1. Systems ; 2. Ranges ; 
3. Valleys ; 16 # 4. Peaks. 
Coast Line. 

f 1. Indentations ; 

1. Bays; 2. Gulfs; 3. Sounds. 
2. Projections ; 

1. Peninsulas; 2. Capes. 
Rivers and Lakes. 

1. River Systems ; 

1. Atlantic; 2. Pacific; 
3. Gulf; 4. St. Lawrence. 
, 2. Great Lakes. 

6. Climate. 

1. Temperature; 2. Moisture; 3. Winds. 

7. Productions. 

1. Vegetables ; 2. Minerals ; 3. Manufactures. 

8. Occupations. 

? 1. Agriculture; 2. Mining; 

( 3. Manufacturing ; 4. Commerce. 

9. Important Cities. 

1. Capitals; 2. Other Cities. 

10. Government. 

1. Form; 2. Departments; 3. Officers. 

11. Inhabitants. 

f 1. Character; 2. Races; 
\ 3. Prehistoric Inhabitants. 

12. History. 

f 1. Discovery ; 2. Settlements ; 
{ 3. Territorial Development. 

13. Natural Curiosities. 2 > 4 > 7 



20 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 

SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What cities have been the capital of the United 
States ? 

2. Describe the Yellowstone National Park. 

3. What is Mason and D ckson's Line:* 

4. Where is the Natural Bridge ? 

5. Describe the Big Trees of California. 

' 6. What is the origin of the words "Uncle Sam/' as a 
cant name for our government ? 

7. What ruins are found in New Mexico ? 

8. Describe the Mammoth Cave ? 

9. What and where are the Pictured Rocks ? 

10. When and how was gold discovered in California? 

11. Locate and describe the " Enchanted Mountains." 

12. What and where was New Echota ? 

13. What ancient ruin is found in Arizona? 

14. What famous salt springs in New York? 

15. Where is Dismal Swamp? 

16. Describe Yosemite Valley. 

17. Compare the largest and smallest of the United States. 

18. Which of the Great Lakes extends below the level 
of the ocean ? 

19. What noted cave is found in Georgia ^ 

20. What is the origin of the word Niagara ? 

21. What and where is Cleopatra's Needle:* 

22. Where are Golden Gate and Death Valley ? 

23. Describe the Grand Canon of the Colorado. 

24. In what State are persons, who cannot read or write, 
not allowed to vote ? 

25. With whom did the words United States of America 
originate ? 

26. Describe the St. Clair tunnel. 

ANSWERS. 

1. New York was the first capital of our country ; in 
1791, Philadelphia became the capital; and, in 1800, the 
seat of government was established at Washington. 

2. The Yellowstone Park, the " Wonderland " of Amer- 
ica, is situated in the northwestern part of Wyoming, in- 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 21 



eluding a small portion of Idaho and Montana. It is 65 
miles long and 55 miles wide, and is " walled in " by high 
mountain ranges. Here are a large number of geysers 
which throw jets of hot water to a height of 200 feet. The 
falls of the Gibbon river, Yellowstone lake, and the Grand 
Canon are other instances of nature's marvels. It is, un- 
doubtedly, the most remarkable region in the world. 

3. This line was established by tw 7 o eminent English 
surveyors, whose names it bears, to settle the disputed 
boundary between Pennsylvania, and Virginia and Mary- 
land. This line afterward became famous as marking the 
boundary between slave and free labor. John Randolph 
first used the words in this connection. 

4. The Natural Bridge is a natural arch of rock which 
spans Cedar creek in Virginia. It is 60 feet wide, and the 
chasm over which it extends is 90 feet wide and 250 feet 
deep. 

5. These gigantic hemlocks are the largest trees in the 
world. They are found on the western side of the S erra 
Nevada in the vicinity of Mariposa county. Many of these 
trees are 375 feet high and over 30 feet in diameter. 

6. In the war of 1812, Samuel Wilson, commonly called 
" Uncle Sam," was the government's beef and pork in- 
spector. Elbert Anderson, a contractor, marked the barrels 
in his shipments with " E. A." for his name, and " U. S." 
for the United States. Wilson's workmen being puzzled by 
these last letters inquired their meaning. Some one sug- 
gested that they stood for "Uncle Sam." The jest seemed 
a good one, and the name passed into popular parlance. 

7. In the southeastern part are the ruins of an ancient 
city whose history is shrouded in mystery. It is supposed 
by some to have been a Spanish settlement, but in 1685 it 
was already in ruins. 

8. The Mammoth Cave is near the Green river in Ken- 
tucky. It is the largest cavern in the world. It is divided 
into many chambers, and contains many strange and gro- 
tesque forms. Haunted Chamber is a narrow passage two 
miles long. Streams, in which are found eyeless fish, and 
pits of unknown depth are found in many places. It has 
been explored for a distance of 10 miles. 



22 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



9. Along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior is a 
line of precipices which has the appearance of a series of 
lofty battlements, and ruins in infinite variety. These 
" pictured rocks " extend for a distance of 12 miles, and 
present every variety of color. 

10. Gold was discovered on the 19th of January, 1848, 
by James W. Marshall, on Captain John A. Sutter's farm. 
This gold region of the Sacramento valley is the richest in 
the world. It is said that the discoverer of this immense 
wealth died in the poor-house. 

11. The Enchanted Mountains are spurs of the Cumber- 
land range in northeastern Tennessee. Human foot-prints 
are distinctly marked in the solid rock. The feet have six 
toes, and one of the tracks is 16 inches long. There are also 
tracks of horses and other animals. In this vicinity is the 
Big Bone Cave, in which are found the bones of the masto- 
don, and other huge animals. 

12. In Georgia the Cherokee Indians had, with the aid 
of missionaries, formed a republic of which New Echota 
was the capital. They had adopted the customs of civilized 
people; had set up a printing press and issued a newspaper; 
the alphabet which they used was invented by one of the 
natives. 

13. The ruin of Casa Grande, which means the " big 
house," is situated a few 7 miles south of the Gila river, in 
Arizona. This prehistoric ruin is 63 feet long and 45 feet 
wide, and the walls, still standing, are about 40 feet high. 

14. These springs are found in Syracuse and vicinity. 
The brine is pumped from the springs into large vats where 
it is evaporated by the sun, or into tanks, and evaporated 
by artificial heat. The vats cover several hundred acres. 
A cubic foot of brine yields 14 pounds of salt. 

15. This swamp, wdiich covers 150,000 acres, is located 
in the northeastern part of North Carolina, a portion ex- 
tending into Virginia. In some places the bushes and vines 
are so dense that a man cannot penetrate it. 

16. Yosemite Valley is a deep gorge in the Sierra Nev- 
ada, in the vicinity of the " big trees." It is about 10 miles 
long and one mile wide. A precipice, called the " bluff," 
rises 3,089 feet perpendicularly above the valley ; waterfalls 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 23 

leap over its sides at the height of 1 ,000 feet ; and the bot- 
tom is covered with a forest of great oaks. It is the most 
wonderful valley in the world. 

17. It would require 220 states the size of Rhode Island 
to make one as large as Texas. 

18. L,ake Superior's surface is 635 feet above the level of 
the ocean ; and, as it is 1,200 feet deep, its bottom is 565 
feet below the ocean level. 

19. This cave, known as Nicojack Cave, is in the north- 
western part of the State in an eminence of Raccoon moun- 
tain. A stream of cool water issues from it. The roof of 
the cave is a smooth limestone rock. Its end has never 
been reached. 

20. The word is derived from the Indian O-ni-au-ga-rah, 
which means the " Thunder of Water." 

21. This obelisk was first erected at Heliopolis, in 
Egypt, about 3,000 years ago. In 1880, it was brought to 
New York and placed in Central Park. It is cut from one 
piece of granite, and is 70 feet high. 

22. The entrance to San Francisco bay, on each side of 
which are high precipices, is called the Golden Gate. Death 
Valley, which is 150 feet below the level of the sea, is lo- 
cated in southeastern California. 

23. The Colorado canon is located in western Arizona. 
The rocks rise perpendicularly from the water to the height 
of 7,000 feet at some places. The water seems to have 
worn this channel, 1,000 feet of which is through solid 
granite. 

24. No person, who cannot read or write, is allowed to 
vote in Massachusetts. 

25. It is said that Thomas Paine, in a letter to a friend, 
used these words in referring to a proposed union of the 
States. 

26. This tunnel, which passes under the St. Clair river, 
is over five miles long, and connects Sarnia in Canada with 
Port Huron in the United States. It is in the form of a 
tube and is perfectly water tight. It is ventilated by air 
which is pumped into it, and heated by steam pipes. 



24 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



I^E^SSOIV V. 



NORTH AMERICA. 




MAP-DRILL. 

1 Which is the largest country of North America ? 2. How far is C pe Sable 
from Cape L,isburne? 8. In what direction does the straight line boundary be- 
tween Alaska and British America trend? Explain. J. Would two persons 
starting at different points on the same paral el approach each other if they 
travel due north? 5. In what direction is Greenland from the north pole"? 
fi. Does the sun ever shine perpendicularly upon an3' portion of the U. S ? 
7. Where would \ r ou locate the central point of North America ? 8. What sepa- 
rates North and South America? 9. Trace a water-route from St Louis to Chi- 
cago, on the sketch-map, naming the different bodies of water traversed. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 25 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 

Position. 

1. Boundaries ; 







) 2. Latitude and Longitude. 




2. 


Area. 

( 1. Absolute ; 

( 2. Relative. ( Compared with other Gr 






and Divisions.) 


3- 


Surface. 








/ 1. Cordilleras ; 








1. Ranges; 2. Peaks; 10 3 


. Volcanoes. 




\ 2. Appalachian Mountains ; 






1. Ranges ; 2. Peaks. 






13. Plains. 




4- 


Coast Line. 

[ 1. Indentations ; 

' 1. Bays; 2. Gulfs. 

] 2. Projections ; 

t 1. Peninsulas ; 5 2. Capes. 




5- 


Islands. 






1. West Indies; 2. Arctic Archi 


pelago. 


6. 


Rivers and Lakes. 

f 1. River Systems ; 






1 1. Atlantic; 2. Pacific; 3. 
j 2 Great Lakes ; 


Arctic. 








18. Lakes of British America. 




7- 


Inhabitants. 

I 1. Native Races ; 








1. Indians ; 2. Esquimos. ' 






< 


2. Foreign Races ; 








1. Caucasians; 2. Ethiopians; 3. 


Mongolians, 






,8. Languages; 4. Occupations. 




8. 


Polit 


ical Divisions. 






CI. Positions; 2. Governments; 


3. Cities; 




-j 4. Natural Resources ; 






( 1. Vegetation; 2. Animals;'' 


3. Minerals, 


9- 


Climate. 

1. Temperature; 2. Moisture. 




10. 


History. 

j 1. Aboriginal Inhabitants. 
I 2. Pre-historic Inhabitants. 





26 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 

SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is sometimes called the "Gibralter of America"? 

2. What and where is the North Magnetic Pole ? 

3. What is the supposed origin of the wild horses and 
cattle found on the western prairies ? 

4. Why is it that a man can not sink in Great Salt Lake ? 

5. What peninsula is sometimes an island ? 

6. Why are the Staked Plains so called ? 

7. What is the supposed origin of the Esquimos ? 

8. What is peculiar of the lakes of Mexico ? 

9. Can you give a proof that Iceland was once much 
warmer than it is now ? 

10. What and where are the "Twin Peaks" ? 

11. Howmany changes have been made in the spelling 
of the word " Bering " ? 

12. What and where is the " Boiling Pot " ? . 

13. Who were the Montezumas? 

14. Describe the proposed Nicaragua canal. 

ANSWERS. 

1. Quebec is so called because of its strong fortress. 

2. The North Magnetic Pole, the place at which the 
magnetic needle becomes vertical, is near the western coast 
of Boothia peninsula. 

3. It is thought that these immense herds have de- 
scended from the domestic animals that escaped from the 
early Spanish settlers. 

4. About 20 % of the water is salt in solution. This 
strong brine is much heavier than fresh water, and very 
easily floats the human body. 

5. At times when the tides rise highest in the Pacific 
ocean, the isthmus which connects Lower California to the 
main land becomes submerged, making the peninsula an 
island. 

6. In the early days the Santa Fe traders traveled over 
these plains, and as they were destitute of land marks, the 
travelers set stakes by which a definite route could be fol- 
lowed, to the Gulf of Mexico, and other places. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 27 

7. It is supposed that the ancestors of the Esquimos 
were Mongolians who crossed Bering Strait at a very early 
date and settled on this continent. They resemble the 
Mongolians in many important particulars. 

8. The lakes of Mexico seem to be drying up. Lake 
Tezcuco, formerly quite surrounded the city of Mexico, but 
at present the shore is several miles from the city. It has 
receded two miles within a hundred years. 

9. Fossils in the slate rocks indicate that this island 
once had a tropical climate. Forests of large trees were once 
abundant, but at present there is not a tree on the island. 

10. Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl are so called. On the 
top of the latter the rocks form the image of a woman. 
There is a superstition among the natives that this is the 
wife of Montezuma, the ruler of Mexico at the time of its 
conquest by the Spaniards. The name means, the white lady. 

11. It was formerly written, Bhering ; then it was 
changed to Behring; and finally it is Bering. 

12. This name is applied to the falls a few miles below 
Quebec, where the water tumbles and pitches with such 
fury and in so many directions that it is difficult, in some 
places, to tell which way the stream flows. 

13. When the Spaniards explored Mexico they found a 
great empire in the interior whose capital was Tenochtitlan 
( where the city of Mexico now stands ) in the midst of a 
lake. This was the stronghold of the ancient Montezumas, 
an enlightened Indian tribe. The city contained a popula- 
tion of 300,000, and was connected with the land by a num- 
ber of causeways. Cortez conquered the city, and the brave 
Montezuma, who had treated him so generously at their first 
meeting, was slain. 

14. The Nicaragua canal is to pass through Lake Nicara- 
gua in Central America. The whole distance is 169^ miles, 
only 27 miles of which needs to be excavated ; the rest is 
free navigation in San Juan river, Lake Nicaragua, and a 
few smaller lakes. The lake is 110 feet above sea level. 
The canal will have a number of locks by means of which 
the vessels will be raised and lowered and the current re- 
tarded. The canal would shorten the water distance from 
New York to San Francisco by 10,000 miles. 



28 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



Xvi£«»o;v vi. 



NORTH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 

(Sketches to be made by the pupil.) 





TOPICAL OUTLINE. 


t Indies. 


1 1- 


Position ; 


|2. 


Area and Surface ; 


<8. 


Climate and Productions ; 


1 i- 


Inhabitants ; T 



i 5. Divisions and Governments. 
( 1. Greater Antilles ; 
- 2. Bahamas ; 
( 3. Lesser Antilles. 

2. Arctic Archepelago. 

\ 1. Position ; 2. Names ; 
( 3. Character of Surface." 

3. Greenland and Iceland. 1 

i 



1. Positions; 2. Surface; 



j 3. Volcanoes ; -t. Geysers ; 
(0. Ice Fields. 
4. Aleutian Islands. 

1. Position; 2. Surface; 3. Volcanoes. 

NOTES. 

1. Wafling's island, one of the Bahamas, is supposed to be the 
first laud Columbus discovered in the western world. 

2. Mairy of the islands in the Arctic Archipelago are covered with 
ice to an enormous depth, These ice fields frequently extend out 
into the ocean making it difficult to determine where the land sur- 
face ends. The exact form ol many of these islands is not known. 

3. Iceland was discovered in cS60, by a Norwegian pirate ; and, in 
981, Greenland was discovered by a navigator from Iceland. Several 
centuries later a colony embracing about 200 towns, along the south- 
ern and eastern shores of Greenland, mysteriously disappeared. 

4. The Esquirnos in the Arctic regions have mostly been con- 
verted to the Christian faith by the Movarian missionaries. 

* See Iceland in Map of Europe. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 21> 



I-yI£»^OIV VII. 



ATLANTIC OCEAN. 

(Sketch to be made by the pupil.) 



TOPICAL OUTLINE. 
Position. 

1. Boundaries ; 

2. Latitude and Longitude ; 
Extreme Limits. 

Extent and Depth. 



t 



( 1. Area; 2. Length; 3. Width; 

} 4. M 



>n 

U 



Mean Depth ; 5. Greatest Depth ; l 
( 6. Character of Bottom. 
3. Islands. 

Continental ; 

1. On Western Coast ; 

2. On Eastern Coast. 
i/2. Oceanic. 

Currents. 

South Atlantic ; 
2. Equatorial ; 
Gulf Stream. 
Tides. 

f 1. Spring Tides; 2. Neap Tides; 
13. Cause of Tides ; 4. Effects. 
6. Winds. 

1. Trade Winds; 2. Calms; 3. Storms. 1 
7 Sargosso Sea. 

1. Extent; 2. Vegetation. 

NOTEvS. 

1. The deepest part of the Atlantic is near the is and of St. 
Thomas; here it is 27,365 feet deep. 

2. The shortest distance between the eastern and western conti- 
nents is 2,500 miles; from C. St. Rogue to C. Pal mas. 

3. From one species of weed growing in the Sargosso Sea, Xv//> 
is made; another species is frequently eaten as a salad. Some o\' 
these weeds grow to the length of 1,000 feet. 

4. The Atlantic is the stormiest body of water on the globe. 



30 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



IyE^SSOIV VIM. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 




MAP DRILL. 

1. What is the greatest length of South America? 2. What is the greatest 
width? 3. Where would you locate the center of this continent? 4. Compare 
the coast line of N. America with that of S. America. 5. Which has the better 
coast line? Why? 6. What is a bifurcation? 7. What famous one occurs in 
the northern part? 7. Trace a river-route from Trinidad on the Mamore to 
Bolivar on the Orinoco, on the sketch-map. 8. Trace a water-route from Val- 
paraiso to Asuncion. 9. Indicate two lines marking the water-sheds which 
trend east-and-west. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 31 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 
i. Position, 

f 1. Boundaries ; 

{ 2. Latitude and Longitude. 



2. 


Area 


, 




( 1. Absolute ; 




{ 2. Relative. 


3- 


Surface. 






' 1. Andes Mountains ; 






1. Ranges; 2. Peaks; 3. Volcanoes; 




< 


2. Plateaus of Brazil and Guyana ; 

3. Low Plains ; 12 

1. Pampas; 2. Llanos; 3. Selvas. 


4- 


Coast Line. 






r 1. Indentations; 






1. Gulfs; 2. Bays; 3. Straits. 




■* 


2. Projections; 

1. Peninsulas; 2. Capes; 3. Isth. of Panama. 


5- 


Islands. 




(1. Galapagos; 2. Falkland; 




( 3. Terra del Fuego. 


6. 


Rivers and Lakes. 




f 1. River Systems ; 

1. Amazon ; * 2. La Plata ; u 3. Orinoco. 
(2. Lake Titicaca. 






7- 


Inhabitants. 




C 1. Races ; 

1. Native; 15 2. Foreign. 
( 2. Languages ; 3. Occupations. 






8. 


Political Divisions. 




CI. Positions; 2. Governments; 3. Cities; 




-j 4. Natural Resources ; 




( 1. Vegetation; 2. Animals; 3. Minerals. 


9- 


Climate. 




1. Temperature; 2. Moisture. 


10. 


History. Ih 




1. Early Settlements; 2. Spanish Conquests. 



32 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Why is the Amazon river so called? 

'2. In what part of South America does it never rain? 

3. Describe the Natural Bridge of Icononzo. 

4. What and where is " P.tch Lake " ? 

5. What ancient ruins are found in Peru ? 

6. Where is a barrel used as a post office ? 

7. What is strange about the surface of Urugua ? 

8. What and where are the "air volcanoes' ' ? 

9. Describe the people of Patagonia. 

10. What is the " light-house of the Maracaybo " ? 

11. Where is the highest railroad tunnel in the world? 

12. What can you say of the valley of the La Plata? 

13. What and where is the "sea of grass 1 ' ? 

14. Where are students paid for attending school ? 

15. Who, originally, inhabited South America? 

16. What is the most southern town in the world ? 

17. For what is Juan Fernandez noted ? 

18. Give a brief history of South America. 

ANSWERS. 

1. The tide rushes in at the mouth of the river with 
such sudden violence that the name Amassono, boat de- 
stroyer, was given to it by the natives. The tidal wave 
passes up the river 400 miles. 

2. In the Desert of Atacama in Bolivia, west of the 
Andes, it never rains. 

3. This is one of the most remarkable of curiosities. It 
is a stone arch 50 feet long and 40 feet wide, and stretches 
over a chasm 318 feet deep, at the bottom of which is a 
turbulent stream. 

4. This lake is on the island of Trinidad ; it is over \\ 
miles in circumference and of unknown depth. In the mid- 
dle the pitch boils, but at the shore it is cold and hard. 

5. There are two immense cause ways, 1,500 miles in 
length, which extend from Quito to Cuzco. In many places 
they have been destroyed by man. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 33 

6. In the straits of Magellan there is a huge rock which 
overhangs the water; to this a barrel is fastened by a heavy 
chain. Letters are left in this barrel by ships passing 
through these waters, while others are taken out toward 
whose destination the ships may sail. Thus the passing 
and re-passing ships take letters from this " post-office " to 
all parts of the world. 

7. The surface is a great plain upon which not a stone 
of any kind is to be found. 

8. Near Carthagena on the northern coast are a num- 
ber of small volcanoes, on the summits of which are craters 
filled with water. Bubbles of gas are constantly issuing from 
the openings, throwing the water to a considerable height. 

9. The Patagonians are a giant-like race of Indians. 
The average height of the men is 6^ feet, and the women 
are almost as large as the men. Both sexes spend much of 
their time on horseback. 

10. On the northeastern shore of the lake is a large de- 
posit of pitch, which gives out a phosphorescent light dur- 
ing the hot months. The light is a sort of evanescent 
gleaming, and is of value to navigators as a" light-house." 

11. This tunnel passes through a range of the Andes in 
Peru at an elevation of 3 miles. 

12. The whole valley of the La Plata is remarkably fer- 
tile, and almost any plant in the world will thrive there. 
All the conditions of soil, temperature, and moisture, seem 
wonderfully well combined ; and, no doubt, this vast region 
will soon be thickly populated. 

13. 14, 15, 16, and 17, see Lesson XIII. 

18. Columbus discovered the main land of America at 
the mouth of the Orinoco ; and, it was this region of which 
Amerigo Vespucci wrote his description. The northwest- 
ern part of South America was inhabited by Indians who 
were, considerably advanced in civilization, and whose 
wealth tempted the Spaniards. After many conflicts the 
infamous Pizarro conquered the Peruvian empire and estab- 
lished Spanish supremacy. A great man named Bolivar 
delivered the northwestern countries from Spanish domin- 
ion about the year 1810. Brazil, Uruguay, and Chili, have 
been making rapid progress in late years. 



34 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



IvE^SSOX IX. 



EUROPE. 




MAP DRILL. 

1. How do Iceland and Ireland compare in size? 2. What is the 
distance from Cape S. Vincent to the northeastern extremity of 
Russia? 3. Where must a line be drawn to measure the greatest 
north-and-south distance ? 4. Which is farthest north: Paris. France 
or Montreal. Canada ? 5. Which extends farthest south, England or 
Maine? 6. What is remarkable about the coast line of Europe? 

7. Is this great irregularity to its advantage or disadvantage ? Why ? 

8. Is any part of Europe in the frigid zone ? 9. Trace a water-route 
from Vienna to London. 10. Trace a water-route from St. Peters- 
burg to Rome. 11. Draw a line which shall mark the water-shed in 
Russia. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 35 




EUROPE. 




TOPICAL OUTLINE. 


I. 


Position. 




f 1. Boundaries ; 

{ 2. Latitude and Longitude. 




2. 


Area. 




f 1. Absolute; 




\ 2. Relative. 


3- 


Surface. 






' 1. Eastern Plains ; 






2. Scandinavian Plateau ; 




< 


3. Mountains ; 

1. Systems; 2. Ranges; 
3. Peaks ; 5 , 4. Glaciers. 


4- 


Coast Line. 






' 1. Indentations ; 






1. Seas; 2. Gulfs; 3. Bays. 




< 


2. Projections ; 

1. Peninsulas; 2. Capes. 

3. Straits and Channels. 


5- 


Islands. 




C 1. British Islands ; 




-j 2. Mediterranean ; 




(_ 3. Zealand ; 4. Nova Zembla. 


6. 


Rivers and Lakes. 






' 1. River Systems ; 






1. Atlantic ; 2. Mediterranean ; 3. Arctic. 




< 


2. Northern Lakes ; 
, 3. Alpine Lakes. 13 


7- 


Inhabitants. 




CI. Races; 




1. Aboriginal ; 2. Modern. 




(2. Languages; 3. Occupations; 4. Productions. 


8. 


Political Divisions. 




C 1. Positions ; 2. Governments ; 3. Cities ; 

-| 4. Natural Resources ; 

(_ 1. Vegetation ; 2. Animals ; 3. Minerals. 






9- 


Climate. 




1. Temperature; 24 2, Moisture. 


10. 


History. 2,i 



36 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where is the "land of the midnight sun"? 

2. What is the most thickly populated country in the 
world ? 

3. What rapid mail transit exists between Paris and 
Berlin ? 

4. How are the lowlands of Holland drained? 

5. What phenomenon may be observed on Kilhorn 
peak? 

6. Are there any reptiles in Ireland? 

7. What spectral delusion appears in the Hartz moun- 
tains? * 

8. What were the ancient names of France, Spain, 
Switzerland, and Ireland? 

9. What and where are Fingall's cave, and Giant's 
Causewa}^ ? 

10. What and where is the "light-house of the Mediter- 



ranean 



? 



11. What great invention was made at Mentz in Ger- 
many ? 

12. Describe the St. Gothard's tunnel. 

13. What strange phenomenon appears in Lake Con- 
stance ? 

14. What and where are the "eternal fires" ? 

15. How is Amsterdam built? 

16. Relate some instances of the wealth and extrava- 
gance of the Zcar of Russia ? 

17. What great buildings are found in Rome? 

18. In what part of Europe is petroleum found ? 

19. How is Venice built ? 

20. What and where is Antonine's Wall ? 

21. What famous ruins are found near Naples? 

22. Describe the republic of San Marino. 

23. What are the "five great powers" of Europe? 

24. The latitudes of Chicago and Rome are the same ; 
what causes the difference in climate ? 

25. What is meant by the "Marriage of the Adriatic ? " 

26. Give a brief history of Europe ? 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOCxRAPHY. 



ANSWERS. 

1. The Scandinavian peninsula has been so called be- 
cause the sun does not set during a few days at midsummer. 
At that time the sun can be seen at midnight. 

2. Belgium is the most densety settled, containing over 
125 inhabitants to the square mile. 

3. A pneumatic tube connects Paris and Berlin. It is 
used for postal purposes, and makes it possible for a letter 
mailed at Paris to be delivered in Berlin in 35 minutes. 

4. A large portion of Holland is from 10 to 15 feet be- 
low the sea level, and is drained by large wind-mill pumps. 
This land was once covered by the ocean. Immense dykes 
are built along the coast to keep out the water. 

5. In the northern part of Norway is a mountain, called 
Kilhorn peak, through which a large opening passes north- 
and-south. At midsummer the sun shines through this per- 
foration from the south, at noon, and from the north at 
midnight. 

6. There are but very few reptiles in Ireland. It is be- 
lieved by the people that they were destroyed and forever 
banished from the island by St. Patrick. The superstition 
that a snake cannot live on Irish soil is not true. 

7. One of the peaks has the form oi a man; and, under 
certain circumstances, this gigantic image is reflected upon 
the clouds. It is called the " Sbecter of the Brocken." 

8. France was called Gaul; Spain, Hispania ; Switzer- 
land, Helvetia ; and Ireland, Hibernia. 

9. Fingall's cave is on the Island of Staffa. It is a 
basaltic cavern 225 feet long, 165 feet high, and 66 feet wide 
at the entrance. Giant's Causeway, 600 feet long, is on the 
northwestern coast of Ireland. It is another group of 
basaltic columns, standing closely together. These col- 
umns are as regular as works of art, and have from three to 
seven faces. There is a tradition among the people that it 
was built by a race of giants. 

10. The volcano, Stromboli, which is 2,500 feet high, 
and whose constant fires light up a large portion of the 
Mediterranean sea, is so called. 

11. The art of printing was invented by John Gutten- 
berg at this little city. 



38 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 

12. This tunnel passes through the Alps mountains and 
is 10 miles long. It is the most remarkable tunnel in the 
world. 

13. Lake Constance lies in the Alps of Switzerland. Its 
waters are of a dark green hue. and subject to sudden risings 
from an unknown cause. In 1770 it rose 24 feet above its 
ordinary level in one hour. 

14. On the shore of the Caspian sea. near Baker, in Rus- 
sia, gas is constantly escaping from crevices in the earth. 
This, having been set on fire, is continually burning. 

15. The greater portion of the city is built upon piles 
driven into the sands under the water: thus, the ocean rolls 
its waves under the city. 

16. It is said that a single carriage belonging to the 
Zcar cost more than the white house at Washington : that 
he keeps nearly 1,000 horses, which cost the government 
nearly Si, 000. 000 a year: and that the crown he wears is 
the costliest in the world. 

17. St. Peter's church. 613 feet long, 2So' feet wide, and 
435 feet high, is the largest and finest in the world. Its 
building required 170 years, and cost So0, 000,000. The 
Vatican, in which the popes reside, adjoins St. Peter's, and 
contains 4.422 apartments. 

I s . Petroleum is found in large quantities in the region 
of the Caspian sea. It is somewhat inferior in quality to 
that found in the United States. 

19. Venice is built on a group of small islands. It con- 
tains many magnificent buildings which seems to rise out 
of the water. The streets are water-ways, and boats take 
the place of vehicles. The land is nearly all covered with 
buildings. 

20. Antonine's Wall is in Scotland, extending from the 
Forth to the Clyde, a distance of 27 miles. It was built by 
the Romans in 140 A. D., to keep back the native tribes. 

21. The ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii, two cities 
which were buried by an eruption of the volcano of Vesu- 
vius, 1,800 years ago. 

22. This is the smallest republic in the world. It was 
founded by a hermit who came to make his abode here 
some time during the fifth century. It has continued an 
independent republic to the present day. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 39 

23. Great Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Austria. 

24. The Gulf Stream carries its warm waters to the 
western coast of Europe where they are gradually dispersed, 
and, as the winds from these warm waters are constantly 
passing over the continent, they temper the climate of all 
Europe. 

25. Pope Alexander III. made a formal grant of the Ad- 
riatic to Venice, and the Doge, or Duke, chief ruler of Ven- 
ice, was accustomed to go, annually, in a vessel, and throw 
a ring into the sea with great pomp and ceremony. This 
was called the marriage of the Adriatic. 

26. A little over 2,000 years ago the only civilized por- 
tion of Europe was the empire of Rome. All the northern 
and western regions were inhabited by hordes of barbarians 
— races of wild people living in the woods. The people 
who lived in what is now France were conquered by Caesar, 
and Roman civilization was introduced. From thence it 
spread over Europe. But, from the year 500 to 1500 A. D., 
Europe passed through a gloomy period known as the "dark 
ages," when nearly every vestige of learning disappeared. 
At the close of this period a revival occurred which seemed 
to stir the whole continent. Since that time she has made 
wonderful progress. Russia, the last to awaken, has made 
an advancement scarcely paralleled in history. 




40 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



I^EJ^^OJV X. 



ASIA. 




MAP DRILL. 

1. How does the general outline of the map of Asia compare with 
that of Europe ? 2. Where must a line be drawn to measure the 
greatest distance in Asia ? 3. How long is this line ? 4. What can 
you say of the direction of this line when compared with a similar 
one in Europe? 5. How far is Singapore from Cape Chelyuskin? 
6. Where would you locate the center of Asia ? 7. Draw a line which 
shall mark the water-shed. 8. Trace a water-route from Canton to 
Bushire, Persia. 9. Which extends farthest south, Kamchatka or 
Ireland? 10. Name the mountains marked in the sketch. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 41 



ASIA. 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 

Position and Size. 

!1. Boundaries ; 
2. Latitude and Longitude ; 
3. Relative and Absolute Area. 
Surface. 

1. Mountain Systems; 
1. Himalaya ; 2. Kuen Lun ; 3. Altai ; 
4. Thian Shan ; 5. Hindoo Koosh. 

2. Plateaus ; 
1. Thibet; 2. Iran; 3. Pamir. 

3. Deserts; 4. Plains; 5. Tundras. 
Coast Line. 

1. Indentations ; 

1. Seas; 2. Gulfs; 3. Bays. 
^ 2. Projections ; 

1. Peninsulas ; 2. Capes. 
L 3. Straits. 
Islands. 

1. Malay Archipelago ; 

2. Japan Islands; 3. Ceylon. 

5. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. River Systems; 

1. Pacific; 2. Arctic; 3. Indian. 
1 2. Fresh-Water Lakes ; 
^3. Inland Seas. 

6. Inhabitants. 

(1. Races; 2. Languages; 3. Religions; 
-< 4. Occupations and Productions ; 
( 5. Nomadic Tribes. 

7. Political Divisions. 

C 1. Positions ; 2. Governments ; 3. Cities ; 

-] 4. Natural Resources ; 

( 1. Vegetation; 2. Animals; 3, Minerals. 

8. Climate. 

1. Temperature; 2. Moisture. 

9. History. lf> 



42 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 

SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is the oldest city in the world? 
'2. Describe the " Great Wall " in China. 

3. Where is i: thought the Garden of Eden was sit- 
uated ? 

4. What and where is the " Lamp Rock " ? 

5. To what tortures are female children subjected in 
China, for fashion's sake ? 

What is said to be the coldest place in the world ? 
7. Describe the ancient ''hanging gardens" of Babylon. 
x . How do Chinamen salute each other ? 
9. In what country is the king called "Lord of the 
White Elephants"? 

10. What large flower grow- in Sumatra? 

11. Who was Confucius? 

1:2. How does the Chinese ruler show his homage to 
agriculture ? 

13. Where is the highest lake in the world? 

14. Why is the fabric, calico, so called:* 

15. What is a typhoon? 

16. Give a brief history of Asia. 

ANSWERS. 

1. Damascus, situated northeast of Jerusalem. 

2. This wall, which extends from the Yellow sea to the 
region of Koko Xor, a distance of 1,250 miles, was built by 
the Chinese to keep back the Tartars. It was constructed 
2,000 years ago. and employed several millions of men over 
five years. 

3. There are many who believe that the Garden of 
Eden was situated between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. 
This region, once remarkably fertile, is now a barren waste. 

i. This famous rock is found on the shore of Lake 
Rangkul, in Central Asia. A light shines from out a cavity 
in the rock at an altitude of 200 feet. The natives have a 
superstition that the light comes from an immense diamond 
set in the forehead of a demon who is guarding vast treas- 
ures in the cave. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 43 



5. In China, a small foot is considered a mark of great 
beauty. A i em ale child's feet are compressed so that they 
cannot grow. The shoes worn by adult women are but 3-J- 
inches long. They cannot walk without difficulty, and 
spend most of their time in sitting. 

6. Werkhojausk, in Siberia, is thought to be the cold- 
est place in the world. 

7. These were merely terraces formed on large mounds. 
They were planted with every variety of vegetation, and 
were erected by Nebuchadnezzar to flatter the fancy of his 
queen, who came from the mountainous country of Media. 
The "gardens" were mountains in miniature. 

8. In saluting, Chinamen shake their own hands in- 
stead of those of the persons greeted. They take off their 
shoes instead of their hats. 

9. In Siam the white elephant, which is found there, is 
an object of worship, and the king is frequently addressed 
by this title. 

10. The RafHesia Arnoldi, which measures three feet 
across, and is the largest flower in the world. 

11. Confucius was the founder of the religion still prac- 
ticed by the court in China. It is simply a system of 
worldly morality. He was also a great teacher and law giver. 

12. On the first day of the year, the ruler, accompanied 
by the princes and ministers, goes to a place called the Sa- 
cred Field, and with his own hands plows a furrow. 

13. Lake Sirikol the source of the Amoo river, is the 
highest lake in the world. 

14 and 15, see Lesson XIII. 

16. Asia is supposed to be the original home of the hu- 
man race. The first civilized people probably lived in the 
valley of the Euphrates, and from thence have gradually 
vSpread over the world. In this valley, in the year 2221, B. 
C, the great empire of Assyria was founded ; in 536, B. C, 
Persia became the ruling power, and, 200 years later, Alex- 
ander conquered all the nations and made them subject to 
Macedon. About the year 600, A. I)., the Saracens became 
masters of these regions, and (>00 years later southern Asia 
was conquered by the Turks, who still hold dominion over it. 
China and the northern parts have changed but little for ages. 



44 



A NKW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



lyBSSON xi« 



AFRICA. 




MAP DRILL. 

1. What grand division does Africa resemble in outline? 2. What 
is the greatest length of Africa? 3. What is the greatest width? 
4. Where would von locate the center? 5. Which extends farthest 
south, Africa or South America 6. Name the mountains and rivers 
marked in the sketch. 7. What two points are farthest removed 
from each other 8. Trace a water-route from Timbuctoo to Cairo. 
i>. Name and locate the capes and gulfs on the coast ol Africa. 
10. Name the mountains marked in the sketch. 11. Locate the 
equator and the tropics in the sketch. 







A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 


4r> 






AFRICA. 








TOPICAL OUTUNK. 




I. 


Position and Size. 






Il- 
ls. 


Boundaries ; 






Latitude and Longitude ; 






Area. 




2. 


Surface. 










1. 


Deserts; 

1. Sahara ; s ' 7, 2. Kalahara; 3. 


Nubian. 






2. 


Mountains ; 


* 




■< 




1. Atlas; 2. Nieuweveld ; 
3. Kong; 4. Mossamba. 
Coast Plains. l2 




3- 


Coast Line. 








1- 


Indentations ; 

1. Seas; 2. Gulfs; 3. Bays. 






< 


2 

Q 
O. 


Projections; 

1. Capes; 2. Isthmus of Suez. 
Straits and Channels. 




4- 


Islands. 








t 1. 


Madagascar; 2. Canaries; 






I 3. 


Cape Verde Islands. 




5- 


Rivers and Lakes. 






I 1. 


River Systems ; 






1 

2. 


1. Nile?' 2. Congo; 3. Niger; 9 4. 


Zambezi. 




Lakes having Outlets; 






1 3. 


Lakes having no Outlets. 




6. 


Inhabitants. 








1. 


Races ; 
I. Native;'" 2 Foreign. 






■< 


2. 
5. 


Languages; 3. Religions; 4. Oc 
Nomadic Tribes. 


cupations; 


7- 


Political Divisions. 






\ 1. 
I 3 


Positions 2. Chief Cities ; 
Natural Resources. 




8. 


Climate. 








1. 


Temperature; 2. Moisture; 3, 


Winds. 


9- 


History. 


11 





46 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is said co be the hottest city in the world? 

2. From what portion of Africa were the slaves in the 
United States brought? 

3. What plan has been proposed for making the Sahara 
productive ? 

4. Who built the p3^ramids of Egypt? 

5. What and where is Siberia? 

6. What famous stone w r as found in the Nile ? 

7. # What seems to prove that the Sahara was not always 
a desert ? 

8. Where is St. Helena, and for what is it noted? 

9. What rivers diminish as they approach the sea? 

10. What two men have explored the interior of Africa? 

11. How has much of the Sahara been made productive ? 

12. What portion of Africa is over 500 feet below the 
sea level? 

13. What and where is the "Gate of Tears" ? 

14. Give a brief history of Africa. 

ANSWERS. 

1. Mecca, in Arabia, is believed to be the hottest city in 
the world. A slanting rocky surface near by reflects heat up- 
on the city, adding considerable to the equatorial temperature. 

2. From the region of Lake Tchad. Millions of hu- 
man beings have been captured, or purchased, in this re- 
gion and sent as slaves to all parts of the w r orld. Even, at 
present, it is estimated that 10,000 persons are annually 
sent from the Soudon to the Mediterranean states. The 
Arabs mostly carry on this shameful traffic. 

3. The Sahara in the northern and western parts is, in 
many places, considerably below the level of the sea. It is 
thought that tunnels might be made into the ocean to flood 
these regions. These inland seas w r ould increase the rain- 
fall and make much of the desert productive. 

4. The Great Pyramid is believed to have been erected 
about 5,000 years ago. This structure is 480 feet high, cov- 
ers 13 acres of ground, and required the labor of 100,000 
men for 30 years for its construction. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 47 



5. In 1820 the American Colonization Society pur- 
chased lands in the western part of Guinea, and founded an 
independent republic as a refuge for slaves in the United 
States who had obtained their freedom. 

6. A stone found in the Rosetta, one of the mouths of 
the Nile, contains an inscription in three languages; the 
hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. With the latter lan- 
guage as a key the meaning of the hieroglyphic characters 
has been d scovered, making it possible to read the history 
of the past ages as it is inscribed on the stones in the pyra- 
mids. This stone is in the British Museum. 

7. A large part of the Sahara is deeply furrowed by dry 
river beds. 

8 St. Helena, a rocky island in the Atlantic ocean, was 
the prison of Napoleon after his defeat by Wellington. 

9. The Nile and the Niger. Much of the water is 
evaporated, and, also, a large amount of it sinks into the 
sand. They have no tributaries along their lower courses. 

10. Livingstone and Stanley. Prior to their explora- 
tions, which were completed but a few years since, nothing 
was known about the interior of this "Dark Continent." 

11. In the southern part of Algeria a large number of 
artesian wells have been dug. Vast orchards of fig trees 
are flourishing where all was barren a few years ago, 

12. Much of Abyssinia is over 500 feet below sea level. 

13. The Strait of Babel-Mandeb has been so called on 
account of its dangers to navigation. 

14. The northeastern portion of Africa was, in the ear- 
lier ages, the seat of learning and civilization. But only a 
very small portion of this continent was known to the an- 
cients. The equatorial and southern regions were all un- 
known to them. After a time the great empire of Egypt 
crumbled into ruins, and another, on the northern coast, 
whose center was the great city of Carthage, sprang into ex- 
istence. Carthage was finally conquered by Rome, and Africa 
ceased to be of interest to the world. In the seventh century 
the continent was again stirred by bands of warriors fighting 
for the cause of a new religion, Mohammedanism. At pres- 
ent the Turks and Moors rule the northern parts ; the wild 
negro dwells in the interior; and colonists from England, 
France, and Germany have settled in the southern regions. 



48 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



r*I£»SSO^ XII. 



AUSTRALIA. 




MAP DRILL. 

1. What is the distance from Cape Leuwin to Cape York? 
2. What are the greatest east-aud-west, and north-aud-south dis- 
tances on this continent? 3. In what direction would you look for 
the sun at noon in Australia? 4. How far is Borneo from Australia? 

5. Name the principal capes and bays on the coast of the continent? 

6. Which extends farthest south, Australia or Africa? 7. Name the 
mountains marked on the sketch. 8. Mark the location of the six 
largest cities. 9. What Grand Division does Australia most resemble 
in surface and climate ? 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 49 

AUSTRALIA. 

TOPICAL OUTLINE. 

i. Position and Size. 

51. Boundaries ; 
2. Latitude and Longitude ; 
3. Area. 

2. Surface. 

1. Mountains ; 
1. Coast Ranges ; 2. Interior Ranges. 

2. Interior Plateau ; 4 

3. Victoria Desert. 

Coast Line. 

1. Indentations ; 
1. Bays ; 2. Gulfs. 

2. Projections; 
1. Capes; 2. Peninsulas. 

3. Straits ; 4. Australian Bight. 

Islands. 

1. Tasmania ; 2. New Zealand. 

Rivers and Lakes. 
1. Rivers ; 

1. Murray ; 2. Darling. 
■ 2. Lakes; 
[ 1. Gairdner; 2. Eyre. 

6. Inhabitants. 

C 1. Races ; 

1. Native; 8 ' 10 - 2. Foreign. 
(2. Languages; 3. Occupations. 

7. Political Divisions. 

CI. Positions; 2. Chief Cities ; 
■< 3. Governments ; 4. Resources ; 
(_ 5. Productions. 

8. Climate. 

1. Temperature; 2. Moisture. 

9. History. 13 

1. Discovery; 2. Settlement. 



50 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 

SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. In what season of the year does Christmas come in 
Australia ? 

2. Where is il Poison Valley " ? 

3. Relate some peculiarities of plants and animals found 
in Australia. 

4. Where is the "Stony Desert''? 

5. When it is Monday on Mindanao, it is Tuesday on 
Borneo ; can you explain the reason for this ? 

6. What tree growing in Australia prevents malarial 
diseases ? 

7. What island has 50 active volcanoes ? 

8. How do the natives produce fire ? 

9. Name two beautiful birds found here. 

10. How do the natives regard the white people ? 

11. For what are the natives of the Sandwich Islands 
noted ? 

12. What is a boomerang? 

13. Give a brief history of Australia. 

ANSWERS. 

1. In Australia Christmas comes in summer; for, being 
in the southern hemisphere, its seasons are exactly the re- 
verse of ours. 

2. This valley is found on the island of Java. It is 
filled w T ith a deadly carbonic acid gas, which is fatal to all 
animal life. It is strewn with the skeletons of human be- 
ings and animals that have entered it and inhaled its deadly 
vapors. The natives have many superstitions concerning 
it, and never venture near it. 

3. There are birds which have no feathers, and trees 
which have no leaves. An animal with the body of an otter 
and the bill of a duck is another of nature's freaks. Some 
trees shed their bark annually, instead of their leaves. 
There is a cherry which has the stone on the outside, and a 
bee that cannot sting. 

1. The interior of the continent is so called because a 
great portion of it is covered by pebbles and fragmentary 
rocks. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 51 

5. The International Date Line passes between these 
islands. In traveling around the world westward^ a day 
would be lost to our reckoning, and going eastward a day 
would be gained; hence it has been agreed that the day shall 
be changed when crossing this line. If going west Monday, 
for instance, shall be changed to Tuesday; and, if going east, 
Tuesday must be changed to Monday. Strange as it may 
seem, according to this a person might begin the writing of 
a letter on Tuesday and finish it on Monday of the same 
week. In that case the person must cross the Date Line 
going east. 

6. The eucalyptus tree absorbs malarial poisons, and 
has rendered some portions of the globe quite healthy which 
were once uninhabitable. It grows nearly as large as the 
"big trees" of California. 

7. Sumatra. 

8. They rub two dry sticks together with such energy 
that they ignite. They have contrived a sort of machine 
for this purpose. 

9. The Lyre-bird, and bird of Paradise. These birds 
have a most beautiful plumage, but they do not sing. 

10. They hold the white people in great reverence, and 
believe that they are the reanimated spirits of their own 
kindred and ancestors. 

11. No savage race has ever so rapidly and willingly 
yielded to civilizing influences as they. 

12. The boomerang is a wooden instrument shaped like 
a sword and bent into an elliptical form. The natives 
handle it w 7 ith great skill, throwing it into the air and caus- 
ing it to strike the ground in such a manner as to rebound 
to the thrower. 

13. Australia was discovered by the Dutch in 1605, and 
by them it was called New Holland. After a time it passed 
into the hands of the English, who changed its name to that 
it now bears, and made a settlement upon it in the year 
1788. At first it was used as a sort of a prison to which 
convicts were banished, as Russia banishes her prisoners to 
Siberia. But in 1851 gold was discovered, and people 
flocked thither from all parts of the world. At present it is 
making rapid progress, and will soon be an important factor 
in the commercial world. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 53 




THE WORU). 




TOPICAL OUTLINE. 


I. 


The Land. 




jl. Area; 2. Origin; 30 
{ 3. Distribution ; 






C 1. Continents ; 

< 2. Grand Divisions ; 






{_ 3. Principal Islands. 


2. 


The Water. 




( 1. Area ; 2. Origin ; 32 3. Composition ; 31 
( 4. Distribution; 








r 1. Oceans ; 






1. Currents; 2. Sargosso Seas. 




< 


2. Seas and Gulfs; 

3. Inland Waters ; 

1. Rivers; 2. Lakes; 3. Seas. 


3* 


The Atmosphere. 




( 1. Extent ; 33 2. Composition ; 33 
{ 3. Winds ; 








' 1. Regular Currents ; 






1. Trades; 2. Calms; 3. Monsoons. 




< 


2. Irregular Currents ; 

1. Hurricanes ; 2. Cyclones. 


4. 


Inhabitants. 






' 1. Races ; 






2. Physical Characteristics ; 




< 


3. Number and Distribution ; 

4. Manner of Living ; 

v 5. Languages and Religions. 


5- 


Animals. 






1. Classes; 






1. Mammals ; 2. Fishes ; 3. Birds. 




< 


2. Distribution and Uses ; 

3. Domestic Animals ; 

1. Origin ; 2. Nativity ; 18 3. Uses. 


6. 


Minerals. 




C 1 Clisses * 

] 1. Metals; 2. Stones; :». Coal; 4. Oil. 

(2. Distribution and Uses. 







54 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



SUPPLEMENTARY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How many languages are spoken in the world? 

2. Who first taught that the earth was in motion? 

3. What are the death and birth rates of the world? 

4. How may the points of the compass be determined 
with a watch ? 

5. What is the greatest distance the human voice has 
ever been heard ? 

6. What and where is Maeshowe ? 

7. In what countries are man}' customs and beliefs the 
exact reverse of ours ? 

8. Where is "Whale Island" ? 

9. What is the largest enclosed bod}* of water ? 

10. A man once crossed the United States in a canoe, 
which he carried from one water-way to another. He car- 
ried the canoe only 12 miles; can you trace the route? 

11. Why are the "Horse Latitudes" so called? 

12. What was the "Year of Confusion" ? 

13. What is thought to be the deepest river in the world? 

14. In what respect does Paraguay's situation differ 
from any other nation in America ? 

15. What is the most northern town in the world? 

16. What phenomenon occurs in the Bay of Fundy ? 

17. What is meant by a "spit" in the ocean? 

18. Of what countries are the following birds natives : 
the turkey, the Guinea-fowl, and the peacock ? 

19. What and where is the "Great Bank" ? 

20. Why has Rhode Island two capitals ? 

21. What is the highest inhabited spot in the world? 

22. Into what three classes are the people of Europe 
generally divided ? 

23. Of which hemisphere are the following animals na- 
tives : the horse, the dog, the camel, the sheep, and the ox? 

24. How high is the tallest tree in the world ? 

25. Why is Venezuela so called? 

26. What are the "Seven Wonders of the World" ? 

27. What name has been devised to designate the exact 
form of the earth ? 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 55 

28. Of what countries are the following plants natives : 
wheat, oats, rice, cotton, potato, cabbage, and corn? 

29. Of what countries are the following fruits natives : 
apple, peach, pear, cherry, orange, pine apple, plum, and fig? 

30. Can you describe the earthquake which occurred in 
Canada in 1663 ? 

31. Can you explain this: " There is a time when the 
sun does not set in the United States? " 

32. What is the fable of "Atlantis" ? 

33. How was the soil, or land, on the earth formed? 

34. Of what is water composed ? 

35. What is the extent and composition of the atmos- 
phere ? 

36. Potatoes can not be cooked on the top of the Alps 
in an open vessel. Why ? 

37. Did water always exist on the surface of the earth? 

38. Does the Mississippi river flow u ui> kill" f 

39. Allowing \\ acres of land for each inhabitant, how 
large a territory would be required for the whole population 
of the world ? 

40. ' Allowing four square feet for each person, how much 
land would be required for standing room for the world's 
inhabitants ? 

ANSWERS. 

1. There is considerable difference of opinion as to the 
number of original languages, since some dialects are so pe- 
culiar to themselves, that it is difficult to determine whether 
they are not really original languages. The best authori- 
ties distinguish 80 languages and about 4,000 dialects. 

2. Pythagoras, a Grecian philosopher, thought, nearly 
2,300 years ago, that the earth was in motion. 

3. It has been computed that the death rate is 67 per 
minute, and the birth rate 70 per minute. This seemingly 
small gain is sufficient to increase the world's population at 
the rate of over 1,000,000 a year. 

4. Place the watch in such a position that the hour 
hand is directly toward the sun. vSouth then lies midway 
between the hour it may happen to be and the numeral 
XII on the dial. 



56 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 

5. The sentinels' "All's Well" has been heard from Old 
to New Gibraltar, a distance of twelve miles. In the Arctic 
regions, it is reported, conversation has been carried on 
when the speakers were over a mile apart 

6. Maeshowe is a large artificial mound on one of the 
Orkney islands. It has a large interior chamber of un- 
known antiquity, and the object for which this huge struct- 
ure was built in that unfrequented northern country is a 
matter of speculation. Some think it was used as a prison. 

7. In China and Japan. In reading they begin at the 
bottom of the page; the place of honor is the left hand; 
black is the color of ga} T ety, and white the color of mourn- 
ing; their religion teaches that the just will cease to exist 
after death, but the wicked will live forever. 

8. Whale island, so called from the large number of 
whales frequenting its vicinity, is situated in Buffin's bay. 

9. Caspian sea is the largest body of inland water in 
the world. It is 740 miles long and 200 miles wide. 

10. Elbert Rappleye, on April 10, 1890, started from 
Xew York, passed through the Hudson river, Erie canal 
and Lake Erie ; then over land to Lake Chautauqua ; then 
through outlet of Lake Chautauqua and Allegheny river, 
Ohio river, Mississsippi river, Missouri river ; then across a 
portage, and through Hell Gate river, Missoula river, 
Clark Fork, and Columbia river. 

11. The Calms in the northern tropic are so called, be- 
cause, formerly, sailing-vessels loaded with horses were 
often delayed here, and were obliged to throw overboard a 
part of their cargo to save the rest from starvation. 

12. In the year 1752, an error in the calendar amounting 
to 11 days, was corrected. This year was 11 days shorter 
than other years, and, many persons being unable to under- 
stand this, were much confused. Some imagined that they 
had really lost 11 days of time. 

13. The Saguenay river, wdiich is 3,000 feet deep at the 
mouth, is considered the deepest river in the world. 

14. Paraguay is the only country in the western hemi- 
sphere which has no sea coast. 

15. Upernavik, in Greenland. 

16. On account of the peculiar funnel-shaped form of 
this bay, the tide sometimes rises to the enormous height of 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



70 feet. The tidal wave, as it passes up the bay, becomes 
higher in proportion as it is shortened by the steep banks. 

17. An island, which is covered by water when the tide 
rises, is called a "spit." 

18. The turkey is a native of America; the Guinea-fowl, 
of Africa; and the peacock, of India. 

19. This is a great sand bank southeast of Newfound- 
land. The water is from 100 to 500 feet deep. This is the 
greatest fishing region in the world, and cod fish, as well as 
seals, and even whales, are taken in great numbers. 

20. Rhode Island was at one time divided into two 
" plantations " — Providence and Rhode Island. When they 
were united, each was reluctant to give up its capital. By 
a compromise it was agreed that both should be kept, and 
that the legislature should meet alternately at both places. 

21. On an elevation in Thibet, 16,430 feet above the 
level of the sea, there is a convent inhabited by a number 
of monks. This is the highest inhabited place on the globe. 

22. The nobility, who are the ruling class; the gentry, 
who include the wealthy classes; and the peasantry, who 
comprise the laboring classes. 

23. The horse is a native of the eastern hemisphere; the 
dog, of both; the camel, the sheep, and the ox, are natives of 
the eastern. Fossils found in the Yellowstone Park, indi- 
cate that a small species of the horse at one time lived upon 
the western continent. 

24. One of the " Big Trees" in California is said to be 
435 feet high. 

25. When Ojeda, a Spanish navigator, explored the 
coast of Lake Maracaybo, he found the natives living in 
huts built on piles rising out of the water along the shore. 
Hence, he called the country Venezuela, or Little Venice, 
(See Supplement of Europe, Question 20.) 

26. 1. Pyramids of Egypt. 2. Hanging Gardens of 
Babylon. 3. Temple of Diana at Ephesus. 4. Statue of 
Jupiter at Olympia. 5. Mausoleum of Artemesia. 6. Col- 
losus of Rhodes. 7. Pharos of Alexander. 

27. Careful measurement has proved that the earth is 
not a perfect oblate spheroid. So the name "geoid " has been 
devised. This word means, simply, earth-form^ or earth-like y 
and is of no practical value. 



58 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 

28. Wheat is a native of southern Asia; oats, of Central 
Asia; rice, of the East Indies; cotton, of America, Asia, and 
Africa; potato, of America; cabbage, of Europe; and corn, 
(maize) of America. 

29. The apple is probably a native of Europe, but this is 
not well established; the peach is a native of Persia; the 
pear, of Europe and Asia; the cherry of Europe; the orange, 
of eastern Asia; the pine-apple, of tropical America; the 
plum, of Europe; and the fig, of Asia. 

30. This earthquake was so violent that it changed the 
face of the country. Mountains arose from level plains, 
while large lakes disappeared entirely. At Three Rivers a 
mountain was thrown into the St. Lawrence and the river 
took a new course. 

31. The most eastern part of Maine is Eastport in 
longitude 66° 56' W. ; and the most western of the Aleutian 
Islands is in longitude 166° 10' E. On the last days of June 
the sun rises in Eastport before it sets in the Aleutian 
Islands. During the rest of the year when the sun is farther 
south this does not occur. 

32. The middle of the bottom of the Atlantic ocean is 
much elevated, and there is a fable that this portion was 
once above the surface and was called "Atlantis." Between 
this plain and the continents are two deep and winding 
valleys. 

33. The crust which was first formed on the earth, was, 
undoubtedly, of solid rock. By the action of the water, the 
air, and other corroding agencies, much of this has been 
pulverized into what we call sand, or clay. This sand and 
clay when mixed with vegetable or animal matter, forms 
soil. 

34. Water is composed of two gases, oxigen and hydro- 
gen in the proportion of two parts of hydrogen to one of 
oxigen. They are in chemical union. 

35. A layer of air, variously estimated at from 50 to 500 
miles deep, surrounds the earth and presses down upon it 
with a force of 15 pounds to the square inch of surface at 
the level of the sea. It is composed of two gases, oxigen 
and nitrogen, in the proportion of four parts of nitrogen to 
one of oxigen. They are not in chemical union, but merely 
form a mixture. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 59 

36. On the summit of the Alps (or any high mountain) 
the pressure of the air is considerably less than 15 pounds 
to the square inch, and this causes water to boil and evapo- 
rate before it reaches the temperature necessary to cook po- 
tatoes. In a strong closed vessel they may be successfully 
cooked. See Franklin's experiment in any Natural Philos- 
ophy. 

37. It is undoubtedly true that the crust of the earth 
was at one time extremely hot, — so hot that the water was 
kept in the gaseous condition. 

38. The earth's equatorial diameter is 26 miles greater 
than the polar diameter; and the waters are kept in their 
position by the earth's centrifugal motion. Since the Mis- 
sissippi flows south, its mouth is computed to be about two 
miles farther from the earth's center than the source; hence, 
we may say that it flows "up hilly According to the water- 
level or the plumb-line, it flows "down /till," as both of 
these instruments are affected by this same rotary motion. 
If the earth were to cease rotating the Mississippi's waters 
would flow toward its source, and the waters of the equator- 
ial regions would recede to the poles. 

39. If the whole population of the earth was placed in 
the United States there would be 1\ acres for each in- 
dividual. 

40. All the people in the world could stand on 5^ town- 
ships, and each individual would have four square feet of 
standing room. 




60 A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 



FROM WESSON III. 

14. Maine is called the Pine Tree State ; New Hamp- 
shire, the Granite State, also name given above ; Vermont, 
the Green Mountain State ; Massachusetts, the Old Bay 
State; Connecticut, the Land of Steady Habits; and Rhode 
Island, Little Rhody. ( For a complete list of the mottoes 
and popular names of all the United States, see the author's 
" New Method with U. S. History.") 

15. The legend says that these islands w r ere given to 
three sisters. Elizabeth took the group to which she gave 
her name ; Martha called her island, Martha's Vineyard ; 
then there was but one left and Nan took it ( Nantucket.) 

FROM LESSON VIII. 

13. The Llanos of the Orinoco have been so called. 
This region is a vast plain covered w r ith a luxuriant growth 
of grass, furnishing feed for immense herds of cattle and 
horses, during the wet season. In the dry season it is an 
arid w r aste. 

14. In Buenos Ayres students are paid for attending 
normal schools. 

15. It was inhabited by tribes of Indians who resembled 
the Indians of North America, and were, no doubt, of the 
same race; but they were less w r arlike in character, which 
was probably owing to the milder climate. . 

16. The most southern town in the world is Punta 
Arenas. 

17. The island of Juan Fernandez, west of Chili, is cele- 
brated for having been the solitary residence of Alexander 
Selkirk, whose adventures furnished the ground-work for 
that great and popular novel, Robinson Crusoe. 

FROM LESSON x. 

14. Calico took its name from Calicut, on the southwest- 
ern coast of India, where this fabric was first made. 

15. The typhoon is a whirlwind which has a tendency 
to lift objects from the ground, and sometimes hurls them 
to a great distance. The region of Canton is often deso- 
lated by these violent hurricanes. 



A NEW METHOD WITH GEOGRAPHY. 61 






GEOGRAPHICAL RECREATIONS. 




I. ' 


vVhat is the meaning of the following terms: 




1. 


Cosmogony. 11. 


Geography. 




2. 


Meteorology. 12. 


Topography. 




3. 


Aurora Borealis. 13. 


Zenith. 




4. 


Orology. 14. 


Nadir. 




5. 


Antipodes. 15. 


Bifurcation. 




6. 


Antecians. 16. 


Bayou. 




7. 


Map-Projection. 17. 


Cartography. 




8. 


Zodiac. " 18. 


Equinox. 




9. 


Geology. 19. 


Soltice. 




10. 


Paleontology. 20. 


Horizon. 




II. 


For what are the following men famous ? 




1. 


Christopher Columbus. 8. 


Humbolt. 




2. 


Marco Polo. 9. 


Carl Ritter. 




3.' 


John Mandeville. 10. 


Lockwood. 




4. 


Magellan. 11. 


Ross. 




5. 


Erastosthenes. 12. 


Mercator. 




6. 


Dr. Livingstone. 13. 


Julius Caesar. 




7. 


Strabo. 14. 


Copernicus. 




III. 


What do the following numbers represent? 






(Approximate Values 


>.) 


1. 


93,000,000. 8. 29,000. 


15. 44. 


2. 


240,000. 9. 15. 


16. 63,000,000. 


3. 


3,000,000. 10. 3,800,000. 


17. 1,500,000. 


4. 


25,000. 11. 4.000. 


18. 1,038 mi. per hr. 


5. 


1,500,000,000. 12. 83° 24' 30" 


19. 18^ mi. per sec. 


6. 


52,454,000. 13. 23J. 


20. 26* mi. 


7. 


196,000,000. 14. 7,899. 


21. 4,200. 




IV. 


At the highest speed yet attained, how long would 


it 


take 








(1) 


An express train to travel to — 


1. The sun? 2. The 


moon ? 


3. Around the Earth ? 






(2) 


A cannon ball to travel the same distances ? 




Answers. (1) 1. Two hundred y 


ears. 2. Six months. 


3. 


Twelve days. 






(2) 


1. Eight years. 2. Seven day 


s. 3. Eleven hours. 



